The Roth IRA is a unique type of investment account that offers every future retiree’s dream — the prospect of tax-free income after reaching retirement age.
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Like any retirement account, however — and really, anything that has to do with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) — there are rules that dictate who can contribute, how much money can be sheltered, and when those tax-free distributions can actually begin. To break it down:
- Contribution limits for Roth IRAs are $6,500 in 2023.
- The Roth IRA five-year rule says you cannot withdraw earnings tax-free until it’s been at least five years since you first contributed to a Roth IRA account.
- This five-year rule applies to everyone who contributes to a Roth IRA, whether they’re 59 ½ or 105 years old.
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The Roth IRA five-year rule
The five-year rule could foil your withdrawal plans if you don’t know about it ahead of time.
This rule for Roth IRA distributions stipulates that five years must have passed since the tax year of your first Roth IRA contribution before you can withdraw the earnings in the account tax-free.
Keep in mind that the five-year clock begins ticking on January 1st of the year you made your first contribution to the account. That means even if you made your first contribution on Dec. 31 of a given year, you get to count the full year toward the five-year rule. In fact, contributions as late as the tax deadline for that year can count. For example, you could make a contribution as late as April 15, 2023 that counts toward the 2022 tax year.
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Inherited Roth IRAs have their own clock, but it starts with the original account owner and when they made their first contributions — not when it was inherited.
Also note that Roth IRA conversions have their own five-year clock, but that rule determines whether the conversion principal will avoid penalty taxes.
Roth IRA income and contribution limits
The concept behind the Roth IRA is simple. Investors who meet income guidelines can deposit money into this account on an after-tax basis and receive tax-free distributions once they reach retirement, defined as after age 59 ½.
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In 2023, individuals up to certain income caps can contribute up to $6,500 to a Roth IRA account. Those age 50 and older can contribute up to $7,500 for the year, using what is known as a “catch-up contribution.”
You can pull in a healthy income and still contribute to a Roth IRA, but income caps could put the brakes on your contributions if you are an especially high earner.
- For those married filing jointly in 2023, contributions are phased out for those whose modified adjusted gross income is between $218,000 and $228,000 and end altogether for incomes that exceed the high end.
- For single filers in 2023, contributions are phased out for those whose modified adjusted gross income is between $138,000 and $153,000 and ends for incomes above that.
- For single filers in 2023, contributions are phased out for those whose modified adjusted gross income is between $138,000 and $153,000 and ends for incomes above that.
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Keep in mind, however, that your ability to contribute to a Roth IRA is based on your modified adjusted gross income, or MAGI, not your salary. However, those with any level of income can still use a backdoor Roth IRA to contribute.
Roth IRA early withdrawal taxes
Since we’re talking about contributions, it’s important to note that anyone (of any age) who contributes to a Roth IRA can withdraw their contributions at any time without penalty. The key word here is contributions, though, since you cannot normally withdraw your earnings prior to age 59 ½ without paying a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty. Earnings can generally be withdrawn without penalties after age 59 ½, provided you meet the five-year rule.
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Savers don’t need to do anything special to ensure that only the contributions are withdrawn since the IRS has rules dictating which funds are removed from the account first. The IRS decrees that Roth IRA distributions are taken in this order:
- Contributions
- Conversions or rollover contributions
- Earnings on investments
These rules make it easier to withdraw your contributions without taxes or penalties.
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Qualified vs. non-qualified distributions
Contributing to a Roth IRA is the easy part, but there’s a learning curve to understanding which distributions are qualified, which ones are non-qualified, and when exactly exceptions can be made.
Qualified distributions
If a Roth IRA participant meets the five-year rule for distributions, any distribution is considered qualified, provided at least one of these conditions is met:
- The plan participant is age 59 ½ or older
- A death or disability helps the plan participant qualify for an exception
- A first-time home purchase is being made, up to a $10,000 cap
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Imagine for a moment that you opened a Roth IRA in 2019 at age 58 and contributed $5,000 per year in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. Even though you turned 59 ½ in your second year of contributing to a Roth IRA, you would not be eligible to take distributions from your account without paying taxes until five years had lapsed. At that point, however, your distributions would be considered qualified and entirely tax- and penalty-free, since you are over the age of 59 ½ and have satisfied the five-year rule.
Non-qualified distributions
Unless an exception applies, distributions that do not meet the requirements to be considered “qualified” will be subject to ordinary income taxes and a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.
As mentioned before, however, taxes and penalties only apply when an investor wants to withdraw their Roth IRA earnings. Anyone who uses a Roth IRA can withdraw their contributions at any time without penalty.
When can you withdraw earnings from a Roth IRA without penalty?
Pull your earnings out of a Roth IRA account too early and you may be subject to income taxes on those amounts as well as face a penalty amounting to another 10 percent, except in certain situations. We already mentioned how you can take up to $10,000 out of a Roth IRA account without penalty early for the purchase of your first home, if you become disabled, or if the distribution is made to your estate after you pass away.
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You can also avoid the 10 percent penalty (but not the taxes) for an early withdrawal if:
- You’re using the funds to pay qualified higher education expenses for yourself or eligible family members.
- You’re using the funds to reimburse yourself for medical expenses that exceed 10 percent of your adjusted gross income.
- You need to use the funds to cover health insurance premiums in the event you become unemployed.
- You agree to accept substantially equal periodic payments for five years or until you turn age 59 ½, whichever happens last.
- An IRS levy has been made against your plan.
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Roth IRA withdrawal timeline
Now that we’ve explained all the rules and exceptions, here’s a basic rundown of Roth IRA distribution rules for each age group and when you can withdraw earnings without paying the 10 percent penalty or taxes on earnings. If you’ve had the account for less than five years, you may be able to avoid the penalty when withdrawing earnings, but will still owe income taxes on the earnings.
Ages younger than 59 ½ with a Roth IRA you’ve had less than five years, you can avoid the penalty but will still owe taxes on earnings if you:
- Withdraw up to a $10,000 lifetime cap for a first-time home purchase
- Withdraw funds for qualified higher education expenses
- Withdraw funds if you become disabled or pass away
- Withdraw funds for unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed 10 percent of your AGI
- Withdraw funds for health insurance premiums if you’re self-employed
- Agree to withdraw funds in substantially equal periodic payments
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Ages younger than 59 ½ with a Roth IRA you’ve had more than five years, you can avoid the penalty for early withdrawal and taxes on earnings if you:
- Withdraw up to a $10,000 lifetime cap for a first-time home purchase
- Withdraw funds for qualified higher education expenses
- Withdraw funds if you become disabled or pass away
- Withdraw funds for unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed 10 percent of your AGI
- Withdraw funds for health insurance premiums if you’re self-employed
- Agree to withdraw funds in substantially equal periodic payments
Ages 59 ½ or older:
- If you’ve met requirements for the five-year rule, you can withdraw money from your Roth without any taxes or penalties.
- If you haven’t yet met requirements for the five-year rule, your earnings will be subject to income taxes (but not penalties).
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Bottom line
Roth IRAs can be absolute magic for future retirees who contribute often and follow the rules, including the five-year rule on distributions. Before you start investing with a Roth, make sure you know the rules that dictate how much you can save and when you can get your money. While the five-year rule may not have been on your radar before, you now know how it works — and how to start the clock ticking.
